The global telecommunications sector is undergoing a profound transformation, driven by the integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) which is redefining organizational structures, operational processes, and societal interactions. While AI adoption has been extensively studied in developed economies, its organizational and social implications in developing contexts remain underexplored. This paper conducts an integrative literature review to synthesize global insights on these impacts and contextualizes them within Vietnam's dynamic digital landscape. Framed by the Technology-Organization-Environment (TOE) framework, Socio-Technical Systems (STS) theory, and Innovation Diffusion Theory (IDT), the analysis identifies three core dimensions of AI impact: organizational efficiency and transformation, workforce and innovation culture, and societal outcomes. The findings indicate that globally, AI enhances operational efficiency through predictive analytics and automation, while simultaneously transforming workforce roles and raising critical ethical concerns regarding privacy, transparency, and digital equity. In Vietnam, AI deployment in telecommunications—observed primarily in customer service, network monitoring, and fraud detection—is expanding, yet remains constrained by legacy infrastructure, a shortage of AI expertise, and evolving regulatory frameworks. The study concludes by proposing a context-sensitive analytical framework, comprising three interconnected pillars—Organizational Transformation, Human and Cultural Adaptation, and Societal and Customer Outcomes—to guide both managerial strategy and policymaking in developing economies. This research contributes theoretically by bridging global perspectives with national contexts, and practically by offering strategic pathways for enhancing AI readiness and fostering responsible adoption in Vietnam's telecom sector.