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Lightweight Heart Rate Estimation from Wrist PPG during Daily Activities
Lightweight Heart Rate Estimation from Wrist PPG during Daily Activities
Hồ Nhựt Minh
Accurate and continuous heart rate (HR) monitoring is essential for health assessment and fitness tracking. Photoplethysmography (PPG) provides a low-cost, non-invasive sensing modality widely available in wearables, yet its reliability is limited by motion artifacts and inter-subject variability in free-living conditions. However, many prior approaches rely on multi-modal inputs or large models, and are often evaluated under subject-dependent pro-tocols, which do not adequately assess generalization performance in free-living conditions. Thus, we present a lightweight end-to-end model for heart-rate estimation from wrist PPG only, trained and evaluated under a strict leave-one-subject-out (LOSO) protocol, using the PPG-DaLiA dataset col-lected during daily activities. The architecture combines a compact 1D con-volutional front end with a bidirectional GRU back end, totaling approxi-mately 14.7k parameters and enabling embedded deployment. The proposed model achieves an MAE of 5.13 bpm, and a correlation of 0.86 across all LOSO test samples, showing strong agreement with ECG-derived reference and performance comparable to recent state-of-the-art methods. These find-ings indicate that accurate HR estimation is feasible with a single PPG chan-nel and compact architecture, supporting practical real-time deployment in wearable devices
